Indiaʹs WhatsApp elections

As Indiaʹs general election continues, there has been little progress in stopping "fake news", arresting its perpetrators, or limiting its spread. Thatʹs because the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party is responsible for disseminating much of it. By Shashi Tharoor

By Shashi Tharoor

With Indiaʹs general election a few weeks away from its conclusion, a crucial question needs to be revisited: what role have social media played in them? Conventional wisdom once had it that, in the Indian context, one should always be sceptical about the reach and political impact of social media.

In 2013, a year before the last general election, the IRIS Knowledge Foundation and the Internet and Mobile Association of India conducted a study suggesting that in 160 constituencies (of 543 in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Indiaʹs parliament), the margin of victory was smaller than the number of social media users, or over 10% of the population was on social media. It estimated that by the 2014 election, as many as 80 million Indians would be using social media and asserted that this was a vote bank that no politician could afford to ignore.

If that was true then, itʹs a lot truer now. I havenʹt seen a comparable study recently, but the numbers have of course grown since 2014. With some 625 million Internet users in India and upwards of 80% of Internet use on mobile phones, there could be 625 million pairs of eyes looking at social media during the 2019 election – nearly eight times more than in 2014.

Social media alone does not spell electoral victory

Narendra Modi attends a BJP election rally in Bengal, April 2019 (photo: DW/Prabhakarmani Tewari)
MP for the Indian National Congress Shashi Tharoor believes "that no Indian election can be won or lost on social media alone. Thereʹs still no substitute for mass rallies, street-corner addresses, door-to-door canvassing, handshakes at marketplaces and busy junctions and Jeep-top tours"

At the same time, though I was a Twitter pioneer among Indian politicians, my own view is that no Indian election can be won or lost on social media alone. While perhaps a bit more than a third of Indiaʹs population and perhaps above 40% of its voters, use social media, there are no reliable studies of how frequently they use it for political news and views.

They could be in WhatsApp group chats or sharing Facebook snaps of their beach weekend, rather than debating the merits of the political parties contending in their constituency. Thereʹs still no substitute for mass rallies, street-corner addresses, door-to-door canvassing, handshakes at marketplaces and busy junctions and Jeep-top tours.

And then there are the numbers. Twitter, the most "political" of social media, has only 30 million active users in India; it is dwarfed by Facebook and WhatsApp, with over 240 million active users each. And, given parliamentary constituencies of some two million people each, Twitter is of little help in political mobilisation. Unlike the U.S., Twitter would be useless for organising a mass rally, or even convening a large public meeting. It cannot be a substitute for conventional campaigning.

Meming the political message

Nonetheless, political parties have been turning to social media extensively this year. Aside from its usefulness for issuing messages through memes, digital posters and WhatsApp forwards, social mediaʹs indirect impact (as a source for "mainstream" media stories) makes it an indispensable communications tool for politicians. And thatʹs where the trouble starts.

President of Indian National Congress (INC) Rahul Gandhi speaks during an election campaign rally at Krishnaraja Nagar, some about 200 Kms South West of Bangalore on 13 April 2019 (photo: Getty Images/AFP/M. Kiran)
Opposition hope Rahul Gandhi, the latest in a long line of politicians from the Nehru-Gandhi family and arguably the only threat to Modi and the BJPʹs dominance has also faced an ongoing barrage of fake news; pre-election propaganda claimed the Congress leader was a 'fake Hindu'

WhatsApp is the favoured medium, because 82% of Indiaʹs mobile phone users have downloaded the app and because it is targeted at specific people. A political party can create groups defined by their interests, caste, or religious identity, or by a specific issue or cause and bombard them with messages to reinforce their biases and convince them the party is with them.

The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is the master of this technique, running an estimated half-million WhatsApp groups across the country. Its IT cell head, Amit Malviya, declared in March that, "The upcoming elections will be fought on the mobile phone….In a way, you could say they would be WhatsApp elections."What is real, what is fake

The problem, however, is that the use of social media is not always benign. Disinformation is rife on the BJPʹs groups, including concocted accounts of what leading Congress politicians (including me) have said and photoshopped images portraying traitorous behaviour by opposition leaders. "Fake news" exists because it has been manufactured to serve the political interests of its disseminators. The danger, therefore, is that many votes will be cast on the basis of disinformation. The BJPʹs attitude is that all is fair in love, war and politics; but Indian democracy is becoming collateral damage.

Having been informed of the political misuse of its services, WhatsApp took steps to limit the damage, limiting forwards, for example, to just five recipients in order to impede lies from going viral. It also decided to block numbers identified by the Election Commission of India as guilty of spreading "fake news", though this might slow, but not stop, the guilty parties, who quickly find alternative numbers and create more groups. The BJP benefits from vast armies of people, some paid and some volunteers, whose job is to feed the voracious appetites of these WhatsApp groups.

Nibbling away at democracy

The fears of democrats are not unfounded: people have been killed on the basis of fake WhatsApp rumours. It is striking that when the Easter bombings took place in Sri Lanka, one of the governmentʹs first reactions was to shut down the countryʹs social media. But the stakes are different when it comes to political messaging: in India, when the government itself has a vested interest, it tends to turn a blind eye to the excesses of its partisans. In the ongoing election, there has been little progress in stopping "fake news", arresting its perpetrators, or limiting its spread.

Social media offers a marvellously useful set of communication tools that democratises the expression of public opinion. But in the hands of unscrupulous politicians who see it as a means of manipulation, social media can undermine democracy itself. Once you have voted for the wrong people on the basis of false information, there is nothing you can do about it until the next election. In that fact lies the danger posed by social media to Indian – and not only Indian – democracy.

Shashi Tharoor

© Project Syndicate 2019

Shashi Tharoor, a former UN under-secretary-general and former Indian Minister of State for Human Resource Development and Minister of State for External Affairs, is currently an MP for the Indian National Congress and Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs. He is the author of "Pax Indica: India and the World of the 21st Century".